Observations show that the expansion of the universe is accelerating, such that the velocity at which a distant galaxy recedes from the observer is continuously increasing with time. The accelerated expansion of the universe was discovered during 1998 by two independent projects, the Supernova Cosmology Project and the High-Z Supernova Search Team, which both used distant type Ia supernovae to measure the acceleration.
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The accelerated expansion of the universe is thought to have begun since the universe entered its dark-energy-dominated era roughly 5 billion years ago. Within the framework of general relativity, an accelerated expansion can be accounted for by a positive value of the cosmological constant Λ, equivalent to the presence of a positive vacuum energy, dubbed "dark energy". ... the description assuming dark energy (positive Λ) is used in the current standard model of cosmology, which also includes cold dark matter (CDM) and is known as the Lambda-CDM model.
Source: Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerating_expansion_of_the_universe. “Accelerating expansion of the universe.” (2023, August 13).
The cause of the increase in the expansion rate of the universe
The increase in the inflation rate of the universe is likely caused by the space-stretching phenomenon. One of the first prolific mentions of space distortion was made by Albert Einstein. He hypothesized that space around objects is curved. The more massive an object, the steeper the curvature. In line with this now widely accepted theory, the space around a supermassive object, like a black hole, is curved and stretched to the extreme.
Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-osuniversityphysics/chapter/13-8-einsteins-theory-of-gravity/
At the initial stage of its existence our universe was slowing down under the force of gravity. And so under the same force heavy gravitational objects would form. As more objects of massive gravity appear and they would grow in size, these supermassive entities would exert increasing influence on their surroundings. The effect of black holes at the centre of galaxies on surrounding regions would affect the expanse between galaxies likewise. The increase in size and number of black holes would have an accumulative pull on the space continuum within the cosmos. The distance betwixt galactic formations would increase at a faster and faster rate along with accelerative space stretching rate around increasing in numbers and mass of supermassive objects, causing the universe to expand at a faster rate.
The accumulative force of initial Big Bang propulsion and the space-stretching phenomenon of increasing in numbers and mass black holes causes the increase in the acceleration of the universe’s expansion.
Could we go beyond the edge of the universe and have a look from ‘outside’, we would notice that it is not that distant objects of the universe fly away from each other at increasing speed, but rather (if we could see the space itself) the space stretches at the accelerative rate under the force of increasing in number and mass supermassive black holes, thus expanding distance between galactical constellations. Within the universe, nevertheless, we observe that distant formations of the cosmos are flying away from us at an acceleratory rate.
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